Miniature painting in South Asia has a rich and storied history that spans several centuries, characterized by intricate detail, vibrant colors, and meticulous craftsmanship. Originating in the royal courts of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, miniature painting initially served as a medium for illustrating manuscripts and depicting scenes from court life. These early works, influenced by Persian and Central Asian styles, emphasized precision and delicacy, often portraying rulers and their entourages in elaborate settings.
During the Mughal period, miniature painting flourished under the patronage of emperors like Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, who commissioned artists to create illuminated manuscripts, albums (known as muraqqa), and portraits. Artists such as Basawan, Daswanth, and Bichitr pioneered distinct styles that blended indigenous Indian techniques with Persian influences, resulting in a fusion of artistic traditions.
In addition to the Mughal court, miniature painting also thrived in other regions of South Asia. The Rajput courts of Rajasthan and the Pahari courts of Himachal Pradesh produced their own unique styles, characterized by bold colors, lyrical compositions, and themes drawn from Hindu mythology and poetic literature. Each Rajput kingdom developed its distinctive school, such as the vibrant and dynamic style of the Mewar school or the delicate and lyrical Kangra school.
Over time, miniature painting evolved beyond its courtly origins to encompass a broader range of subjects and styles. In the 19th and 20th centuries, artists adapted traditional techniques to depict scenes of everyday life, landscapes, and religious themes. Today, miniature painting continues to thrive as a revered art form in South Asia, celebrated for its cultural significance, technical skill, and timeless beauty.